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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many adults with ADHD also suffer from comorbid disorders such as major depression (Kessler and colleagues, 2006). Many patients do not respond to medications for depression and may benefit from psychotherapy. Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals that regulate and increase levels of certain brain chemicals. Drugs that stimulate the brain such as methylphenidate or amphetamine are commonly prescribed. Medicines A variety of medications used to treat ADHD in children can be used in adults. The dosages and side effects can be different. A doctor will look at the medical history of the patient, family history, and other health issues to determine what medication is most suitable for them. The most commonly used ADHD medication is a stimulant. It works by altering the levels of norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain. The stimulants like methylphenidate (also called Adderall) and dextroamphetamine enhance the supply of neurotransmitters that aid in improving focus, reduce impulsivity and reduce aggression. These stimulants are available in different forms, such as liquids, skin patches and chewable tablets. Long-acting versions of these stimulants are more effective because they provide better patient compliance and longer lasting more smooth improvement in symptoms. It is important to remember that comorbid conditions such as anxiety and depression can alter the effectiveness of ADHD medications. Therefore, it is recommended that psychiatric disorders be treated first before medications be used as a secondary measure. The medications that can be utilized for comorbid mood disorders are atomoxetine (Bupropion), tricyclic antidepressants and bupropion (Wilens, 2004).). Some patients may exhibit some patients may experience a “rebound” effect, where they experience an increase in ADHD symptoms after stopping stimulant medication. In these cases a short trial of a low dose of stimulant medication could be helpful. Certain people are not able to take stimulant medicines or are unable to take them due to abuse of drugs or other health conditions, such as severe heart problems or hypertension. In these instances, non-stimulant medications such as atomoxetine (Strattera) and viloxazine (Qelbree) can be effective. These medications do not cause the same high rates of adverse effects as stimulants and have less risk of misuse and diversion. Psychotherapy People suffering from ADHD may benefit from psychotherapy (talk therapy). It can help those with ADHD learn how to improve their lives, deal with stress and anxiety, resolve conflicts, or deal with problems in their relationships or at work. It can also aid in the treatment of people with mental disorders that coexist, like depression and addiction disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and schema therapy. These therapies are based on notion that a person's beliefs and thoughts influence how they behave, think and feel. CBT helps an individual identify negative patterns of behavior and thoughts and then formulate and implement strategies to change these. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy employs techniques for meditation to teach people how to concentrate on their thoughts and emotions, manage their impulses, and improve their executive functioning. Schema therapy, and other forms of psychotherapy that concentrate on a person’s family history, may be helpful for people with ADHD. Psychotherapy, in addition to medication, can help with specific ADHD problems, such as difficulty keeping up with schoolwork or getting along with other people. It can also assist with forgetting important dates and obligations and making decisions that are impulsive and result in legal and financial issues. It can assist a person overcome the root issues like depression and anxiety that may contribute to their ADHD symptoms. Psychotherapy can assist a person find healthy coping skills and reduce stress through exercises, sleep improvement and healthy eating habits. It can also offer support to a partner or family member who is struggling with the effects of ADHD on their relationship. Family therapy and marriage counseling can help couples and families learn how to communicate better and manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT is a kind of psychotherapy that focuses on changing the client's negative thinking patterns. It employs dialogue based on skill with a skilled mental health professional (a therapist) to address the underlying causes of their symptoms. This treatment aims to help clients overcome limitations and develop coping strategies that are compatible with their daily lives. In addition to educating clients how to identify unhelpful thoughts, the therapists who specialize in adult ADHD CBT assist them in developing abilities that enable them to replace negative thoughts with more productive ones. The process can be long. However, it's a good alternative for adults who aren't getting enough relief from medications. A recent RCT study concluded that when combined with medication, CBT is superior to cognitive behavioral therapy alone in reducing the emotional symptoms, core symptoms self-esteem, and social functioning of adults suffering from ADHD (Clarke and co., 2017). CBT when combined with methylphenidate may be particularly effective for those who have more severe underlying issues. Therapists who provide this type of treatment work with clients to create an action plan that addresses their specific problems. They usually teach clients a set of practical skills that are easy to implement and have a good chance of being successful. Charts are often used to monitor progress, and reward positive behaviors. This could be an everyday report for children that lists the tasks they must complete in school or the positive behaviors that need to be demonstrated, and an organized system for tracking and earning rewards. Therapists can also talk about the possibility that negative consequences might be inflicted upon a child who fails to complete their tasks. This can be done with sensitivity and encouragement. Metacognitive Therapy Metacognitive therapy is a newer kind of psychotherapy that helps people change their thinking. This type of treatment can be effective for people who suffer from a variety of mental health problems such as depression. It is a type of cognitive behavior therapy that helps people learn to recognize negative thought patterns and their effect on their moods. This type of therapy can also assist in the acquisition of psychological tools that are adaptable and effective. Iam Psychiatry of this study was to explore the relationship between metacognitive capabilities and daily functioning in adults suffering from ADHD. In order to do this we compared self and informant-rated daily functioning impairments with the predictors of metacognition (comprehensive knowledge, regulation of Cognition, Debugging Information Management, and Evaluation). It was found that comprehensive knowledge was related to daily functioning in adults with ADHD however, the regulatory processes were not. The predictive power of a model with metacognition predictors was moderate, which suggests that they can account for a significant amount of the variance in daily functioning for adults with ADHD. Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) is an intervention that focuses on changing metacognitive beliefs that are dysfunctional and perpetuate states like worry, rumination, or attention fixation. MCT was developed by Adrian Wells based on an information processing model by Wells and Gerald Matthews. A case series has proven the effectiveness of MCT in reducing anxiety disorder, however it's still relatively in its infancy and more research is required to determine its effectiveness in other disorders. This study was created to assess the effectiveness of MCT in the reduction of symptoms of illness anxiety disorder, but it can be applied to a range of disorders and could be more effective than other treatments. It is important to keep in mind that this isn't an effective treatment for ADHD, but it can be used as an adjunctive therapy. Family Therapy In family therapy, the therapy therapist works with the entire family. Everyone is able to better understand the client's needs and learn how to help their loved ones. It also helps them find ways to manage their own frustrations and improve their communication skills. This kind of counseling can also be used to address comorbid conditions, such as substance abuse and depression that are commonly associated with ADHD. The therapist will begin with an intake session to understand the family's views and determine if they are appropriate for family intervention. This can be done either in person or online. The therapist will discuss the nature of treatment with each client and lay out the guidelines and rules of family therapy. A therapist who has experience in treating adults suffering from ADHD will ask a variety of questions to gain an understanding of the client's current symptoms, their history and their impact on their work life and family life as well as relationships. They will also ask whether there are any other mental health issues that are present, such as depression or anxiety. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an organized form of counseling which teaches you to change your negative thoughts patterns and control your behavior. It is focused on improving your self esteem and self-control by teaching you techniques to cope with stress and anger. This is a temporary option that can be used in conjunction with other forms of psychotherapy. Individual therapy can help people with ADHD to manage the emotional baggage that results from underachievement and failure. It can also assist them in dealing problems with relationships or job changes as well as academic difficulties. It can teach you strategies for managing stress and coping and help you manage your time and finances more effectively. It can also help with problems that are comorbid, such as anxiety and mood disorders that are commonly associated as a result of ADHD.